
<!doctype html>
<html lang="zh" class="no-js">
  <head>
    
      <meta charset="utf-8">
      <meta http-equiv="x-dns-prefetch-control" content="on">
      <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//chemistry.cnryh.cn">
      <!-- <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//search.oi-wiki.org"> -->
      <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//api.github.com">
      <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com">
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
      
        <meta name="description" content="OI Wiki 是一个编程竞赛知识整合站点，提供有趣又实用的编程竞赛知识以及其他有帮助的内容，帮助广大编程竞赛爱好者更快更深入地学习编程竞赛">
      
      
        <meta name="author" content="OI Wiki Team">
      
      
        <link rel="canonical" href="https://oi-wiki.org/01%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/05%20%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD%20%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%8B/">
      
      
        <link rel="prev" href="../04%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8/">
      
      
        <link rel="next" href="../%E8%80%83%E7%82%B9%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD/">
      
      
      <link rel="icon" href="../../favicon.ico">
      <meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.5.3, mkdocs-material-9.4.6">
    
    
      
        <title>电离能 电负性 元素周期律 - Chemistry-Note</title>
      
    
    
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.f5281797.min.css">
      
        
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.356b1318.min.css">
      
      


    
    
      
    
    
      
        
        
        <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Fira+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CFira+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
        <style>:root{--md-text-font:"Fira Sans";--md-code-font:"Fira Mono"}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-300.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:regular;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-regular.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:italic;font-weight:regular;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Italic'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-italic.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Sans';font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.eot);src:local('Fira Sans'),local('FiraSans-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-sans/fira-sans-700.svg#FiraSans) format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Fira Mono';font-style:normal;font-weight:regular;src:url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.eot);src:local('Fira Mono'),local('FiraMono-Normal'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.eot?#iefix) format('embedded-opentype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.woff2) format('woff2'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.woff) format('woff'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.ttf) format('truetype'),url(//lib.baomitu.com/fonts/fira-mono/fira-mono-regular.svg#FiraMono) format('svg')}</style>
      
    
    
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../_static/css/extra.css?v=14">
    
    <script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
    
      
  


  
  

<script id="__analytics">function __md_analytics(){function n(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],n("js",new Date),n("config","UA-124485594-1"),document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){document.forms.search&&document.forms.search.query.addEventListener("blur",function(){this.value&&n("event","search",{search_term:this.value})}),document$.subscribe(function(){var a=document.forms.feedback;if(void 0!==a)for(var e of a.querySelectorAll("[type=submit]"))e.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.preventDefault();var t=document.location.pathname,e=this.getAttribute("data-md-value");n("event","feedback",{page:t,data:e}),a.firstElementChild.disabled=!0;e=a.querySelector(".md-feedback__note [data-md-value='"+e+"']");e&&(e.hidden=!1)}),a.hidden=!1}),location$.subscribe(function(e){n("config","UA-124485594-1",{page_path:e.pathname})})});var e=document.createElement("script");e.async=!0,e.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-124485594-1",document.getElementById("__analytics").insertAdjacentElement("afterEnd",e)}</script>
  
    <script>"undefined"!=typeof __md_analytics&&__md_analytics()</script>
  

    
    
    
  </head>
  
  
    
    
      
    
    
    
    
    <body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="red">
  
    
    
      <script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&"object"==typeof palette.color)for(var key of Object.keys(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,palette.color[key])</script>
    
    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
    <input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
    <label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
    <div data-md-component="skip">
      
        
        <a href="#原子结构与元素性质--五--电离能-电负性-元素周期律" class="md-skip">
          跳转至
        </a>
      
    </div>
    <div data-md-component="announce">
      
    </div>
    
    
      

<header class="md-header" data-md-component="header">
  <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="页眉">
    <a href="../.." title="Chemistry-Note" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="Chemistry-Note" data-md-component="logo">
      
  
  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 3 1 9l11 6 9-4.91V17h2V9M5 13.18v4L12 21l7-3.82v-4L12 17l-7-3.82Z"/></svg>

    </a>
    <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
      
      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3V6m0 5h18v2H3v-2m0 5h18v2H3v-2Z"/></svg>
    </label>
    <div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
      <div class="md-header__ellipsis">
        <div class="md-header__topic">
          <span class="md-ellipsis">
            Chemistry-Note
          </span>
        </div>
        <div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
          <span class="md-ellipsis">
            
              电离能 电负性 元素周期律
            
          </span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    
      
        <form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
  
    
    
    
    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="white" data-md-color-accent="red"  aria-label="Switch to dark mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
    
      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_2" hidden>
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 7a5 5 0 0 1 5 5 5 5 0 0 1-5 5 5 5 0 0 1-5-5 5 5 0 0 1 5-5m0 2a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3m0-7 2.39 3.42C13.65 5.15 12.84 5 12 5c-.84 0-1.65.15-2.39.42L12 2M3.34 7l4.16-.35A7.2 7.2 0 0 0 5.94 8.5c-.44.74-.69 1.5-.83 2.29L3.34 7m.02 10 1.76-3.77a7.131 7.131 0 0 0 2.38 4.14L3.36 17M20.65 7l-1.77 3.79a7.023 7.023 0 0 0-2.38-4.15l4.15.36m-.01 10-4.14.36c.59-.51 1.12-1.14 1.54-1.86.42-.73.69-1.5.83-2.29L20.64 17M12 22l-2.41-3.44c.74.27 1.55.44 2.41.44.82 0 1.63-.17 2.37-.44L12 22Z"/></svg>
      </label>
    
  
    
    
    
    <input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue" data-md-color-accent="blue"  aria-label="Switch to light mode"  type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_2">
    
      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m17.75 4.09-2.53 1.94.91 3.06-2.63-1.81-2.63 1.81.91-3.06-2.53-1.94L12.44 4l1.06-3 1.06 3 3.19.09m3.5 6.91-1.64 1.25.59 1.98-1.7-1.17-1.7 1.17.59-1.98L15.75 11l2.06-.05L18.5 9l.69 1.95 2.06.05m-2.28 4.95c.83-.08 1.72 1.1 1.19 1.85-.32.45-.66.87-1.08 1.27C15.17 23 8.84 23 4.94 19.07c-3.91-3.9-3.91-10.24 0-14.14.4-.4.82-.76 1.27-1.08.75-.53 1.93.36 1.85 1.19-.27 2.86.69 5.83 2.89 8.02a9.96 9.96 0 0 0 8.02 2.89m-1.64 2.02a12.08 12.08 0 0 1-7.8-3.47c-2.17-2.19-3.33-5-3.49-7.82-2.81 3.14-2.7 7.96.31 10.98 3.02 3.01 7.84 3.12 10.98.31Z"/></svg>
      </label>
    
  
</form>
      
    
    
    
      <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
        
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
      </label>
      <div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
  <label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
  <div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
    <form class="md-search__form" name="search">
      <input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="搜索" placeholder="搜索" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
      <label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
        
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.516 6.516 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5Z"/></svg>
        
        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11h12Z"/></svg>
      </label>
      <nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="查找">
        
        <button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="清空当前内容" aria-label="清空当前内容" tabindex="-1">
          
          <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41Z"/></svg>
        </button>
      </nav>
      
    </form>
    <div class="md-search__output">
      <div class="md-search__scrollwrap" data-md-scrollfix>
        <div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
          <div class="md-search-result__meta">
            正在初始化搜索引擎
          </div>
          <ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
    
    
      <div class="md-header__source">
        <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note" title="前往仓库" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
  <div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
    
    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81z"/></svg>
  </div>
  <div class="md-source__repository">
    Anyayay/Chemistry-Note
  </div>
</a>
      </div>
    
  </nav>
  
</header>
    
    <div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
      
      
        
          
            
<nav class="md-tabs" aria-label="标签" data-md-component="tabs">
  <div class="md-grid">
    <ul class="md-tabs__list">
      
        
  
  
  
    
    
      <li class="md-tabs__item">
        <a href="../.." class="md-tabs__link">
          
  
  简介

        </a>
      </li>
    
  

      
        
  
  
    
  
  
    
    
      <li class="md-tabs__item md-tabs__item--active">
        <a href="../00%20description/" class="md-tabs__link">
          
  
  原子结构与元素性质

        </a>
      </li>
    
  

      
        
  
  
  
    
    
      <li class="md-tabs__item">
        <a href="../../02%20%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/00%20description/" class="md-tabs__link">
          
  
  微粒间作用力与物质性质

        </a>
      </li>
    
  

      
    </ul>
  </div>
</nav>
          
        
      
      <main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
        <div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
          
            
              
              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
                    


  


<nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary md-nav--lifted" aria-label="导航栏" data-md-level="0">
  <label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
    <a href="../.." title="Chemistry-Note" class="md-nav__button md-logo" aria-label="Chemistry-Note" data-md-component="logo">
      
  
  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 3 1 9l11 6 9-4.91V17h2V9M5 13.18v4L12 21l7-3.82v-4L12 17l-7-3.82Z"/></svg>

    </a>
    Chemistry-Note
  </label>
  
    <div class="md-nav__source">
      <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note" title="前往仓库" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
  <div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
    
    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.4.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2023 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81z"/></svg>
  </div>
  <div class="md-source__repository">
    Anyayay/Chemistry-Note
  </div>
</a>
    </div>
  
  <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
    
      
      
  
  
  
    
    
    
    
    
      
      
    
    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
      
        
        
        
        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_1" >
        
          
          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1" id="__nav_1_label" tabindex="">
            
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    简介
  </span>
  

            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
          </label>
        
        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_1">
            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
            简介
          </label>
          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../.." class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    Getting Started
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
          </ul>
        </nav>
      
    </li>
  

    
      
      
  
  
    
  
  
    
    
    
    
    
      
      
    
    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
      
        
        
        
        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" checked>
        
          
          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="">
            
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    原子结构与元素性质
  </span>
  

            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
          </label>
        
        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_label" aria-expanded="true">
          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2">
            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
            原子结构与元素性质
          </label>
          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../00%20description/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    简介
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../01%20%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%96%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    核外电子排布方式
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../02%20%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E6%B4%AA%E7%89%B9%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    构造原理、泡利原理、洪特规则
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../03%20%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%8E%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E5%BC%8F/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    电子排布式与轨道表示式
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../04%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    原子结构 元素周期表
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
    
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
      
      <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
      
      
        
      
      
        <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
          
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    电离能 电负性 元素周期律
  </span>
  

          <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
        </label>
      
      <a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    电离能 电负性 元素周期律
  </span>
  

      </a>
      
        

<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
  
  
  
    
  
  
    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
      目录
    </label>
    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#元素的电离能" class="md-nav__link">
    元素的电离能
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="元素的电离能">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#概念" class="md-nav__link">
    概念
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#意义" class="md-nav__link">
    意义
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#变化规律" class="md-nav__link">
    变化规律
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#元素的电负性" class="md-nav__link">
    元素的电负性
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="元素的电负性">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#有关概念与意义" class="md-nav__link">
    有关概念与意义
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#递变规律" class="md-nav__link">
    递变规律
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#应用" class="md-nav__link">
    应用
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#对角线规则" class="md-nav__link">
    对角线规则
  </a>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#原子半径" class="md-nav__link">
    原子半径
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="原子半径">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#影响因素" class="md-nav__link">
    影响因素
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#递变规律_1" class="md-nav__link">
    递变规律
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#原子或离子半径的比较方法" class="md-nav__link">
    原子或离子半径的比较方法
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
    </ul>
  
</nav>
      
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../%E8%80%83%E7%82%B9%20%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    考点 元素周期律与元素推断
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
          </ul>
        </nav>
      
    </li>
  

    
      
      
  
  
  
    
    
    
    
    
      
      
    
    <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
      
        
        
        
        <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
        
          
          <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="">
            
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    微粒间作用力与物质性质
  </span>
  

            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
          </label>
        
        <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
          <label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
            <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
            微粒间作用力与物质性质
          </label>
          <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../02%20%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/00%20description/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    简介
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
              
                
  
  
  
    <li class="md-nav__item">
      <a href="../../02%20%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8/01%20%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%8E%E6%99%B6%E8%83%9E%EF%BC%88%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%EF%BC%89/" class="md-nav__link">
        
  
  <span class="md-ellipsis">
    晶体与晶胞（基础知识）
  </span>
  

      </a>
    </li>
  

              
            
          </ul>
        </nav>
      
    </li>
  

    
  </ul>
</nav>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            
            
              
              <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
                <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
                  <div class="md-sidebar__inner">
                    

<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
  
  
  
    
  
  
    <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
      <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
      目录
    </label>
    <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#元素的电离能" class="md-nav__link">
    元素的电离能
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="元素的电离能">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#概念" class="md-nav__link">
    概念
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#意义" class="md-nav__link">
    意义
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#变化规律" class="md-nav__link">
    变化规律
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#元素的电负性" class="md-nav__link">
    元素的电负性
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="元素的电负性">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#有关概念与意义" class="md-nav__link">
    有关概念与意义
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#递变规律" class="md-nav__link">
    递变规律
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#应用" class="md-nav__link">
    应用
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#对角线规则" class="md-nav__link">
    对角线规则
  </a>
  
</li>
      
        <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#原子半径" class="md-nav__link">
    原子半径
  </a>
  
    <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="原子半径">
      <ul class="md-nav__list">
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#影响因素" class="md-nav__link">
    影响因素
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#递变规律_1" class="md-nav__link">
    递变规律
  </a>
  
</li>
        
          <li class="md-nav__item">
  <a href="#原子或离子半径的比较方法" class="md-nav__link">
    原子或离子半径的比较方法
  </a>
  
</li>
        
      </ul>
    </nav>
  
</li>
      
    </ul>
  
</nav>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            
          
          
            <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
              <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
                
                  

  
    <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note/edit/master/docs/01 原子结构与元素性质/05 电离能 电负性 元素周期律.md" title="编辑此页" class="md-content__button md-icon">
      
      <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 20H6V4h7v5h5v3.1l2-2V8l-6-6H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v16c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h4v-2m10.2-7c.1 0 .3.1.4.2l1.3 1.3c.2.2.2.6 0 .8l-1 1-2.1-2.1 1-1c.1-.1.2-.2.4-.2m0 3.9L14.1 23H12v-2.1l6.1-6.1 2.1 2.1Z"/></svg>
    </a>
  
  


  

<h1 id="原子结构与元素性质--五--电离能-电负性-元素周期律">原子结构与元素性质 · 五 · 「电离能 电负性 元素周期律」<a class="headerlink" href="#原子结构与元素性质--五--电离能-电负性-元素周期律" title="Permanent link"></a></h1>
<h2 id="元素的电离能">元素的电离能<a class="headerlink" href="#元素的电离能" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="概念">概念<a class="headerlink" href="#概念" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>第一电离能</strong>：<strong>气态</strong> 电中性 <strong>基态原子</strong> 失去一个电子转化为气态基态正离子所需要的最低能量叫做该元素的 第一电离能，用 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_1\)</span>​ 符号表示
    $$
    M(g)-e^-\longrightarrow M^+(g) \qquad I_1(第一电离能)
    $$</p>
<blockquote>
<p>「气态」、「电中性」、「基态」、「失去一个电子」等都是保证能量最低的条件</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>逐级电离能</strong>：气态基态  <strong>一</strong>  价正离子再 <strong>失去</strong>  一个电子成为气态基态，  <strong>二</strong>  价正离子所需的最低能量叫做第二电离能，第三电离能和第四、第五电离能依此类推。由于原子失去电子形成离子后，若再失去电子会更加  <strong>困难</strong> ，<strong>逐级电离能越来越大</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>$M(g)-e^-\longrightarrow M^+ (g) \quad I_1 $（第一电离能）</p>
<p>$M<sup>+(g)-e</sup>-\longrightarrow M^{2+}(g) \quad I_2 $（第二电离能）</p>
<p>$M<sup>{2+}(g)-e</sup>-\longrightarrow M^{3+}(g) \quad I_3 $（第三电离能）</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(I_1&lt;I_2&lt;I_3&lt;...\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="意义">意义<a class="headerlink" href="#意义" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>第一电离能可以衡量元素的气态原子失去一个电子的 <strong>难易程度</strong>
- 第一电离能数值越 <strong>小</strong>，原子越 <strong>容易失去</strong> 一个电子</p>
<ul>
<li>第一电离能数值越 <strong>大</strong>，原子越 <strong>难失去</strong> 一个电子</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="变化规律">变化规律<a class="headerlink" href="#变化规律" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>同主族</strong> 的原子最外层电子数相同，<strong>随着原子序数增大</strong>，电子层数逐渐增多，原子半径逐渐增大，原子核对核外电子的有效吸引力作用逐渐减弱，<strong>第一电离能逐渐减小</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>同周期</strong> 的主族元素具有相同的电子层数，<strong>随着核电荷数增加</strong>，原子半径逐渐减小，原子核对核外电子的有效吸引力作用逐渐增加，<strong>第一电离能呈现增大趋势</strong>。因此对同周期元素来说，<strong>碱金属的第一电离能最小，稀有气体的第一电离能最大</strong> </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>元素的第一电离能大小还与其原子的核外电子排布（特别是最外围电子排布）有关。通常情况下，当原子核外电子排布在能量相等的轨道上形成全空（ <span class="arithmatex">\(p\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(d\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(f\)</span> ）、半满( <span class="arithmatex">\(p^3\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(d^5\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(f^7\)</span> )和全满( <span class="arithmatex">\(p^6\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(d^{10}\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(f^{14}\)</span> )结构时，原子的能量较低，该元素具有较大的第一电离能。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>前四周期内的同周期，由左至右，第一电离能逐渐增大，<span class="arithmatex">\(Ⅱ A\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(Ⅲ A\)</span>互换，<span class="arithmatex">\(Ⅴ A\)</span>、<span class="arithmatex">\(Ⅵ A\)</span>互换</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>第二周期元素第一电离能大小：</strong> 
  $$Li&lt;B&lt;Be&lt;C&lt;O&lt;N&lt;F&lt;Ne $$</p>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(B、Be\)</span> 位置互换：<span class="arithmatex">\(Be\)</span> 为 <span class="arithmatex">\(2s^2\)</span> 全满稳定结构，失去一个电子需要破坏 <span class="arithmatex">\(2S\)</span> 全满稳定结构，所需的第一电离能比较大 </p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(O、N\)</span> 位置互换：<span class="arithmatex">\(N:2s^22p^3\)</span>，失去一个电子需要破坏 <span class="arithmatex">\(2p\)</span> 的半充满结构，所需的第一电离能比较大</p>
<p>另外注意：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{C&lt;H&lt;O}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>第三周期元素第一电离能大小：</strong> </p>
<div class="arithmatex">\[Na&lt;Al&lt;Mg&lt;Si&lt;S&lt;P&lt;Cl&lt;Ar \]</div>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(Al、Mg\)</span> 位置互换：<span class="arithmatex">\(Mg\)</span> 为 <span class="arithmatex">\(3s^2\)</span> 全满稳定结构，失去一个电子需要破坏 <span class="arithmatex">\(3S\)</span> 全满稳定结构，所需的第一电离能比较大</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(S、P\)</span> 位置互换：<span class="arithmatex">\(P:3s^23p^3\)</span>，失去一个电子需要破坏 <span class="arithmatex">\(3p\)</span> 的半充满结构，所需的第一电离能比较大 </p>
</blockquote>
<p><img title="" src="images\5.2.png"  data-align="inline" width="240"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>下表的数据从上到下是钠、镁、铝逐级失去电子的电离能：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>电离能</th>
<th><span class="arithmatex">\(Na\)</span></th>
<th><span class="arithmatex">\(Mg\)</span></th>
<th><span class="arithmatex">\(Al\)</span></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(I_1\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(496\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(738\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(579\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(I_2\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(4562\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(1451\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(1817\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(I_3\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(6912\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(7733\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(2745\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(I_4\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(9543\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(10540\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(11545\)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(I_5\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(13353\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(13630\)</span></td>
<td><span class="arithmatex">\(14830\)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(Na\)</span> 的 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_2\)</span> 相比 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_1\)</span> 剧增：<span class="arithmatex">\(Na^+ : 1s^22s^22p^6\)</span>，此时是全满稳定结构，因此 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_2\)</span> 相比 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_1\)</span> 剧增
<span class="arithmatex">\(Mg\)</span> 的 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_3\)</span> 剧增、<span class="arithmatex">\(Al\)</span> 的 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_4\)</span> 剧增 同理
（可以通过判断电离能剧增地方，反向判断大致的元素）</p>
<ol>
<li>这些数据跟钠、镁、铝的化合价有什么关系？</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(∵Na\)</span>: <span class="arithmatex">\(I_2\)</span> &gt; $I_1 $ <span class="arithmatex">\(∴Na:+1\)</span> 
<span class="arithmatex">\(∵Mg\)</span>: <span class="arithmatex">\(I_3\)</span> &gt; <span class="arithmatex">\(I_2\)</span> <span class="arithmatex">\(∴Mg:+2\)</span> 
<span class="arithmatex">\(∵Al\)</span>: <span class="arithmatex">\(I_4\)</span> &gt; <span class="arithmatex">\(I_3\)</span> <span class="arithmatex">\(∴Al:+3\)</span> </p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>比较钠、镁、铝的 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_1\)</span> 、 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_2\)</span> 、 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_3\)</span> 的大小：</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(I_1：\)</span> 同周期，由左至右逐渐增大（<span class="arithmatex">\(Na\)</span> 最小），但 <span class="arithmatex">\(Mg：3s^2\)</span> 全满 <span class="arithmatex">\(∴Mg&gt;Al\)</span> 
<span class="arithmatex">\(I_2：Na&gt;Al&gt;Mg\)</span> 因为 <span class="arithmatex">\(Na\)</span> 已经失去电子到内层，电离能剧增，所以 <span class="arithmatex">\(Na\)</span> 的 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_2\)</span> 最大
<span class="arithmatex">\(I_3：Mg&gt;Na&gt;Al\)</span> 因为 <span class="arithmatex">\(Mg\)</span> 已经失去电子到内层，电离能剧增，所以 <span class="arithmatex">\(Mg\)</span> 的 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_3\)</span> 最大</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>总结：</strong>
  <span class="arithmatex">\(I_1：Mg&gt;Al&gt;Na\)</span> （美女呐）
  <span class="arithmatex">\(I_2：Na&gt;Al&gt;Mg\)</span> （哪里美）
  <span class="arithmatex">\(I_3：Mg&gt;Na&gt;Al\)</span> （美那里）</p>
<p>[ 2021 福建 ] <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N、O、S}\)</span> 的第一电离能（<span class="arithmatex">\(I_1\)</span>）大小为 <span class="arithmatex">\(I_1(\ce{N})&gt;I_1(\ce{O})&gt;I_1(\ce{S})\)</span>，原因是？</p>
<blockquote>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{N}\)</span> 原子 <span class="arithmatex">\(2p\)</span> 轨道半充满，比相邻的 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O}\)</span> 原子更稳定更难失电子</p>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O、S}\)</span> 同主族，（随着原子序数增大，电子层数逐渐增多），<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{S}\)</span> 原子半径大于 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{O}\)</span> 原子半径，（原子核对核外电子的有效吸引力作用逐渐减弱），更易失电子</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>总结</strong>：论证第一电离能变化规律，首先考虑半充满、全充满稳定结构失电子，其次考虑原子半径对核外电子的吸引力作用。</p>
<p><strong>注意</strong>：对于同一物质的不同电离能比较，不考虑半充满或全充满稳定结构，<strong>电离能均逐级增大</strong></p>
<p>例如：<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Mg}\space\frac {↑ ↓ }{3s}\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Mg}\space\frac {↑ }{3s}\)</span> ，后者的电离能大于前者</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="元素的电负性">元素的电负性<a class="headerlink" href="#元素的电负性" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="有关概念与意义">有关概念与意义<a class="headerlink" href="#有关概念与意义" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>键合电子</strong>：元素相互化合时，原子中用于形成  <strong>化学键</strong>  的电子称为  <strong>键合电子</strong>  </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>电负性</strong>：用来描述不同元素的原子对键合电子 <strong>吸引力</strong> 的大小。电负性越 <strong>大</strong> 的原子，对键合电子的吸引力越 <strong>大</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>电负性大小的标准</strong>：以 <span class="arithmatex">\(F\)</span> 的电负性为 <span class="arithmatex">\(4.0\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(Li\)</span> 的电负性为 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.0\)</span> 作为相对标准</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="递变规律">递变规律<a class="headerlink" href="#递变规律" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>同周期</strong>，自左到右，元素的电负性逐渐  <strong>增大</strong>  ，元素的非金属性逐渐  <strong>增强</strong> 、金属性逐渐  <strong>减弱</strong>  </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>同主族</strong>，自上到下，元素的电负性逐渐  <strong>减小</strong> ，元素的金属性逐渐  <strong>增强</strong> 、非金属性逐渐  <strong>减弱</strong>  </p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>电负性顺序：<span class="arithmatex">(<span class="arithmatex">\(F(4.0)&gt; O &gt; N、Cl &gt; Br &gt; I、S、C &gt; P、H &gt; 类金属（B、Si、Ge）&gt; 金属\)</span>\)</span></strong></p>
<p><img title="" src="images\5.3.png"  data-align="inline" width="240"></p>
<h3 id="应用">应用<a class="headerlink" href="#应用" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>判断元素的金属性和非金属性强弱
   1. <strong>金属的电负性一般小于 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.8\)</span>，非金属的电负性一般大于 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.8\)</span></strong>，而位于非金属三角区边界的「类金属」（如锗、锑）的电负性则在 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.8\)</span> 左右，它们既有金属性，又有非金属性</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>金属元素的电负性  <strong>越小</strong>  ，金属元素越活泼；非金属元素的电负性  <strong>越大</strong> ，非金属元素越活泼</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>电负性可以判断化学键的类型</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><span class="arithmatex">\(<span class="arithmatex">\(两成键元素间电负性差值   \begin{cases}
   大于 1.7  &amp; \begin{split}
           \ &amp; 通常形成离子键 \\
           &amp; 相应的化合物为离子化合物
   \end{split} \\
   小于 1.7 &amp; \begin{split}
           \ &amp; 通常形成共价键 \\
           &amp; 相应的化合物为共价化合物
   \end{split} \\
   \end{cases}\)</span>\)</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p>如 <span class="arithmatex">\(H\)</span> 的电负性为 <span class="arithmatex">\(2.1\)</span> ，<span class="arithmatex">\(Cl\)</span> 的电负性为 <span class="arithmatex">\(3.0\)</span> ，<span class="arithmatex">\(Cl\)</span> 的电负性与 <span class="arithmatex">\(H\)</span> 的电负性之差为 <span class="arithmatex">\(3.0－2.1＝0.9&lt;1.7\)</span>，故 <span class="arithmatex">\(HCl\)</span> 为共价化合物；</p>
<p>如 <span class="arithmatex">\(Al\)</span> 的电负性为 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.5\)</span> ，<span class="arithmatex">\(Cl\)</span> 的电负性与 <span class="arithmatex">\(Al\)</span> 的电负性之差为 <span class="arithmatex">\(3.0－1.5＝1.5&lt;1.7\)</span>，因此 <span class="arithmatex">\(AlCl_3\)</span> 为共价化合物；</p>
<p>同理，<span class="arithmatex">\(BeCl_2\)</span> 也是共价化合物</p>
<p>例外：<span class="arithmatex">\(H\)</span> 的电负性为 <span class="arithmatex">\(2.1\)</span> ，<span class="arithmatex">\(F\)</span> 的电负性为 <span class="arithmatex">\(4.4\)</span>，虽然 <span class="arithmatex">\(HF\)</span> 的电负性差值大于 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.7\)</span> ，但仍然形成共价键，是共价化合物 </p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p>电负性可以判断化合物中元素的化合价</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>电负性数值 <strong>小</strong> 的元素在化合物中吸引电子的能力 <strong>弱</strong> ，元素的化合价为 <strong>正值</strong> </p>
</li>
<li>电负性数值 <strong>大</strong> 的元素在化合物中吸引电子的能力 <strong>强</strong> ，元素的化合价为 <strong>负值</strong>  </li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>已知：电负性 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Cl &gt; H &gt; Si}\)</span></p>
<p>所以在 <span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{SiHCl}\)</span> 中，<span class="arithmatex">\(\ce{Si:+4;H:-1;Cl:-1}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>电负性可以比较极性的大小
   电负性相差越大，共价键的极性也就越大</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="对角线规则">对角线规则<a class="headerlink" href="#对角线规则" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<p>「对角线」规则又称斜线关系，指元素周期表中某一元素及其化合物的性质与它左上方或右下方的另一元素及其化合物的性质相类似。在第 <span class="arithmatex">\(2、3\)</span> 周期中，<strong>具有典型「对角线」规则的元素有三对：锂与镁，铍与铝，硼与硅</strong>。有人从元素的电负性值相近解释「对角线」规则：锂 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.0\)</span>、镁 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.2\)</span>；铍 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.5\)</span>、铝 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.5\)</span>；硼 <span class="arithmatex">\(2.0\)</span>、硅 <span class="arithmatex">\(1.8\)</span></p>
<p><img title="" src="images\5.4.png"  data-align="inline" width="150"></p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>锂和镁的相似性：</li>
<li>在氧气中燃烧生成氧化物，而其他碱金属则易生成过氧化物、超氧化物</li>
<li>能直接与氮作用，生成氮化物 <span class="arithmatex">\(Li_3N\)</span> 、 <span class="arithmatex">\(Mg_3N_2\)</span> ，而其他碱金属不与氮直接反应</li>
<li>氟化物、碳酸盐、磷酸盐都难溶于水，而其他碱金属的相应盐易溶于水等</li>
<li>铍和铝的相似性：</li>
<li>单质在冷的浓硝酸中钝化</li>
<li>氧化物、氢氧化物都有两性</li>
<li>氯化物都是共价化合物，易汽化，能升华，能溶于有机溶剂等</li>
<li>硼和硅的相似性：</li>
<li>硼和硅的密度分别为 <span class="arithmatex">\(2.35g \cdot cm^{-3}\)</span> 和 <span class="arithmatex">\(2.336g \cdot cm^{-3}\)</span> , 两者相近</li>
<li>硼和硅的简单气态氢化物都能直接被氧气氧化</li>
<li>最高价氧化物的水化物都是弱酸等
</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="原子半径">原子半径<a class="headerlink" href="#原子半径" title="Permanent link"></a></h2>
<h3 id="影响因素">影响因素<a class="headerlink" href="#影响因素" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p>原子半径的大小取决于两个相反的因素：<strong>电子的能层数</strong> 和 <strong>核电荷数</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>电子的能层数：电子的能层越多，电子之间的  <strong>排斥</strong>  作用使原子半径  <strong>增大</strong>  </li>
<li>核电荷数：核电荷数越  <strong>大</strong> ，核对电子的吸引作用就越  <strong>大</strong>  ，使原子半径  <strong>减小</strong> </li>
</ol>
<h3 id="递变规律_1">递变规律<a class="headerlink" href="#递变规律_1" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<p><img title="" src="images\5.1.png"  data-align="inline" width="260"></p>
<p>总结： 同周期由左至右，原子半径减小；同主族由上至下，原子半径增大</p>
<blockquote>
<p>特别：<span class="arithmatex">\(r_{Li}&gt;r_{Al、Si、P、S、Cl}\)</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="原子或离子半径的比较方法">原子或离子半径的比较方法<a class="headerlink" href="#原子或离子半径的比较方法" title="Permanent link"></a></h3>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>同种元素的离子半径</strong>：阴离子 <strong>大于</strong>  原子，原子  <strong>大于</strong>  阳离子，低价阳离子  <strong>大于</strong>  高价阳离子。例：
    <span class="arithmatex">\(<span class="arithmatex">\(r(Cl^－)＞r(Cl)，r(Fe)＞r(Fe^{2＋})＞r(Fe^{3＋})\)</span>\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>能层结构相同的离子</strong>：核电荷数越大 ，半径越 <strong>小</strong> ，<strong>序大径小</strong> 。例：
   <span class="arithmatex">\(<span class="arithmatex">\(r(O^{2－})＞r(F^－)＞r(Na^＋)＞r(Mg^{2＋})＞r(Al^{3＋})\)</span>\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>考试中可能会出现挖坑，应先确认离子是否在同一能层</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>带相同电荷的离子</strong>：能层数越 <strong>多</strong> ，半径越 <strong>大</strong> 。例：
    <span class="arithmatex">\(<span class="arithmatex">\(\begin{split}
    \ &amp; r(Li^＋)＜ r(Na^＋)＜ r(K^＋) \\
    &amp; r(Rb^＋)＜ r(Cs^＋)，r(O^{2 －})＜ r(S^{2 －}) ＜ (Se^{2 －})＜ r(Te^{2 －})
    \end{split}\)</span>\)</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>核电荷数、能层数均不同的离子</strong>：可选一种离子参照比较。例：
   比较 <span class="arithmatex">\(r(K^＋)\)</span> 与 <span class="arithmatex">\(r(Mg^{2＋})\)</span>，可选 <span class="arithmatex">\(r(Na^＋)\)</span> 为参照，<span class="arithmatex">\(r(K^＋)  ＞  r(Na^＋)  ＞  r(Mg^{2＋})\)</span></p>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>解题技巧：粒子半径比较的一般思路</strong>
1. 「一层」：先看能层数，能层数越  <strong>多</strong>  ，一般微粒半径越  <strong>大</strong><br />
2. 「二核」：若能层数相同，则看核电荷数，核电荷数越  <strong>大</strong>  ，微粒半径越  <strong>小</strong><br />
3. 「三电子」：若能层数、核电荷数均相同，则看核外电子数，电子数  <strong>多</strong>  的半径  <strong>大</strong>  </p>
</blockquote>


  



 
 
 
<hr><blockquote class="page-copyright">
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m22.7 19-9.1-9.1c.9-2.3.4-5-1.5-6.9-2-2-5-2.4-7.4-1.3L9 6 6 9 1.6 4.7C.4 7.1.9 10.1 2.9 12.1c1.9 1.9 4.6 2.4 6.9 1.5l9.1 9.1c.4.4 1 .4 1.4 0l2.3-2.3c.5-.4.5-1.1.1-1.4Z"/></svg></i>本页面最近更新：</span><span class="facts_modified"></span>，<a class="edit_history">更新历史</a><br>
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.71 7.04c.39-.39.39-1.04 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-.37-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0l-1.84 1.83 3.75 3.75M3 17.25V21h3.75L17.81 9.93l-3.75-3.75L3 17.25Z"/></svg></i>发现错误？想一起完善？ <a href="https://github.com/Anyayay/Chemistry-Note/edit/master/docs/01 原子结构与元素性质/05 电离能 电负性 元素周期律.md" title="edit.link.title" class="page_edit_url">在 GitHub 上编辑此页！</a></span><br>
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16 17v2H2v-2s0-4 7-4 7 4 7 4m-3.5-9.5A3.5 3.5 0 1 0 9 11a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 3.5-3.5m3.44 5.5A5.32 5.32 0 0 1 18 17v2h4v-2s0-3.63-6.06-4M15 4a3.39 3.39 0 0 0-1.93.59 5 5 0 0 1 0 5.82A3.39 3.39 0 0 0 15 11a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 0-7Z"/></svg></i>本页面贡献者：</span><span class="page_contributors">OI-wiki</span><br>
  <span><i class="md-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10.08 10.86c.05-.33.16-.62.3-.86.3-.56.81-.85 1.5-.86.45 0 .86.2 1.15.49.28.31.47.74.47 1.17h1.8c-.02-.47-.11-.9-.3-1.3-.15-.38-.38-.72-.68-1-1.45-1.34-4.14-1.15-5.37.37-1.29 1.67-1.32 4.59-.01 6.26 1.21 1.49 3.86 1.7 5.3.37.31-.25.56-.56.76-.92.16-.36.27-.74.28-1.15H13.5c0 .21-.07.4-.16.57-.09.19-.21.34-.34.47-.33.26-.72.4-1.14.4-.36-.01-.66-.08-.89-.23a1.41 1.41 0 0 1-.59-.64c-.5-.9-.42-2.15-.3-3.14M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c.53 13.27 19.5 13.26 20 0 0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10m0 18c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8 .44-10.61 15.56-10.61 16 0 0 4.41-3.59 8-8 8Z"/></svg></i>本页面的全部内容在 <strong><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> 和 <a href="https://github.com/zTrix/sata-license">SATA</a></strong> 协议之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用</span>
</blockquote>


<div id="__comments" class="giscus" data-no-instant></div>
<div id="__comments_script"></div>
<script>var comments=document.createElement("script"),commentsTheme="slate"===document.body.dataset.mdColorScheme?"dark":"light";Object.entries({async:!0,src:"https://giscus.app/client.js",crossOrigin:"anonymous","data-repo":"OI-wiki/gitment","data-repo-id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkxNDQzODg5NjU=","data-category":"评论","data-category-id":"DIC_kwDOCJszZc4CS54y","data-mapping":"specific","data-term":"电离能 电负性 元素周期律","data-strict":"1","data-reactions-enabled":"1","data-emit-metadata":"0","data-input-position":"top","data-theme":commentsTheme,"data-lang":"zh-CN","data-loading":"lazy"}).forEach(e=>comments.setAttribute(e[0],e[1])),document.getElementById("__comments_script").replaceWith(comments)</script>

                
              </article>
            </div>
          
          
        </div>
        
      </main>
      
        <script>function scrollFunction(){20<document.body.scrollTop||20<document.documentElement.scrollTop?document.getElementById("myBtn").style.display="block":document.getElementById("myBtn").style.display="none"}function topFunction(){document.body.scrollTop=0,document.documentElement.scrollTop=0}window.onscroll=function(){scrollFunction()}</script>
<button onclick="topFunction()" id="myBtn" class="data-tip-left" data-tip="回到顶部">
  <svg class="Zi Zi--BackToTop data-tip-left" data-tip="回到顶部" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24">
    <path d="M16.036 19.59a1 1 0 0 1-.997.995H9.032a.996.996 0 0 1-.997-.996v-7.005H5.03c-1.1 0-1.36-.633-.578-1.416L11.33 4.29a1.003 1.003 0 0 1 1.412 0l6.878 6.88c.782.78.523 1.415-.58 1.415h-3.004v7.005z"></path>
  </svg>
</button>  
<footer class="md-footer">
  
  <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset">
    <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid">
      <div class="md-copyright">
  
    <div class="md-copyright__highlight">
      Copyright &copy; 2023 - 2024 Chemistry-Note Team
    </div>
  
  
    Made with
    <a href="https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
      Material for MkDocs
      <div id="miitbeian"></div>
    </a>
  
</div>

<div style="float:right" class="build_date_utc">
  <a href="https://github.com/OI-wiki/OI-wiki">
    最近更新：, 2024-04-15
  </a>
</div>
<script>"oi-wiki.com"==window.location.hostname&&(document.getElementById("miitbeian").innerHTML='<a href="http://beian.miit.gov.cn/">黑ICP备19005132号-2</a>'),console.log("%c OI Wiki %c  %c","background:#35495e ; padding: 1px; border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;  color: #fff","background:#41b883 ; padding: 1px; border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;  color: #fff","background:transparent"),console.log("少年，恭喜你囍提彩蛋，我们在做一些 OI 相关的有趣的事情，如果您对此感兴趣，欢迎访问 https://join-us.oi-wiki.org")</script>
      
    </div>
  </div>
</footer>
      
    </div>
    <div class="md-dialog" data-md-component="dialog">
      <div class="md-dialog__inner md-typeset"></div>
    </div>
    
    
    <script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "../..", "features": ["content.action.edit", "navigation.tabs", "navigation.instant"], "search": "../../assets/javascripts/workers/search.b6c651e9.min.js", "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "\u5df2\u590d\u5236", "clipboard.copy": "\u590d\u5236", "search.result.more.one": "\u5728\u8be5\u9875\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709 1 \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.more.other": "\u5728\u8be5\u9875\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709 # \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.none": "\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.one": "\u627e\u5230 1 \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.other": "# \u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c", "search.result.placeholder": "\u952e\u5165\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u641c\u7d22", "search.result.term.missing": "\u7f3a\u5c11", "select.version": "\u9009\u62e9\u5f53\u524d\u7248\u672c"}}</script>
    
    
      
        <script src="../../es5/tex-chtml-full.js"></script>
      
      
      <script>"use strict";"serviceWorker"in navigator&&navigator.serviceWorker.register("/service-worker.js",{scope:"/"}).then(function(e){console.log("PWA Registration succeeded. Scope is "+e.scope)}).catch(function(e){console.log("PWA Registration failed with "+e)})</script>
    
  </body>
</html>